Robots have integrated into our society, moving beyond manufacturing applications. Robots can now be found working in hotels, hospitals, and schools. They are learning to drive and deliver packages. Robots also appear in television shows, films, and plays.

Recent innovations in artificial intelligence and machine learning not only excel at numerous tasks in industry and academia but also keep impacting our daily lives. With the power of large datasets and the availability of compute resources such as graphics processing units (GPUs) and tensor processing units (TPUs), machine learning models have grown with increasingly better performance. However, their success relies heavily on the surge of big computing and big data. There remain challenges emerging in the real world given limited resources.